Abstract

Biofortification, the process of increasing the density of vitamins and minerals in a crop through plant breeding, agronomic practices, or biotechnology, is being increasingly recognized as a cost-effective and sustainable strategy to address micronutrient malnutrition globally. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth analysis of the role of biofortification in improving global health, with a particular focus on its impact on micronutrient deficiencies, public health, and socioeconomic aspects, along with the challenges and opportunities it presents. The review is timely and relevant, given the persistent challenge of micronutrient malnutrition and the growing interest in sustainable nutrition strategies. It addresses gaps in the current understanding by synthesizing the latest research on various aspects of biofortification and providing insights into its potential and challenges. Biofortification encompasses various methods, from traditional breeding to modern biotechnological approaches. Numerous successful examples of biofortified crops, like Golden Rice and High Iron Beans, underscore its potential. These crops have been demonstrated to contribute significantly to reducing deficiencies of essential micronutrients like iron, vitamin A, and zinc, thereby positively influencing public health outcomes. The review also explores the wider impact of biofortification, including its economic benefits and influence on food security and farmer livelihoods. Acceptance by farmers and consumers and the sociocultural context are highlighted as crucial factors for the successful implementation of biofortification initiatives. Biofortification faces several challenges, ranging from technical issues in the biofortification process, including genetic limitations and bioavailability concerns, to political and regulatory hurdles. Additionally, the environmental impact and sustainability of biofortified crops are critical considerations. Despite these challenges, opportunitie...